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Steriods
- Steroids are crystallisable lipids of high molecular weight.
- They consist of one 8 - carbon ring and three 6 - carbon rings.
- Steriods are found in both plants and animals.
- Murray and Peterson ( 1950 ) observed that the fungus Rhizopus stolonifer could bring about hydroxy.
- lation of steroids . Important uses of steroids are
- Cortisone and its derivatives ( prednisone and prednisolone ) are effective in the treat ment of rheumatoid arthritis
- Steroid hormones are known to be regulators of metabolism in the animal or human body
- Steroid treatment is given to suppress immune responses in patients with autoim mune diseases or persons who have had organ transplants
- Prednisolone is used as an anti - inflammatory drug
- Oestrogens and progesterones are employed in the preparation of oral contracep tives ( birth - control pills ).
- Vaccines are either attenuated ( live but weak ) or dead ( inert ) agents of disease which when administered into a healthy person provide temporary or permanent immunity to that particular disease.
- The term vaccine was introduced by Edward Jenner ( 1790 ) who worked on small pox.
- Later, Jenner's findings were extended by Louis Pasteur ( 1879 ) to other infective diseases such as anthrax, rabies and cholera.
- Pasteur established the scientific basis of vaccination.
- Recently some second generation vaccines have been prepared with the help of genetic engineering technique against hepatitis - B and herpes virus.
- They are more uniform in quality and produce less side effects as compared to ' first - generation the vaccines .
- Now - a - days production of ' third generation vaccines ' called synthetic vaccines, are being tried.
- Antifertility vaccines have also been developed. The genes encoding antigenic proteins can be isolated from the pathogens and expressed in plants.
- Such transgenic plants or their tissues producing antigens can be eaten for vaccination / immunization.These are called edible vaccines.
- The expression of such antigenic proteins in crops like banana and tomato are useful for immunization of humans because banana and tomato fruits can be eaten raw.
- The edible vaccines that are produced in transgenic plants have great advantages like less storage problems, easy delivery system by feeding and low cost as compared to the recombinant vaccine.
- Somatotropin hGH is secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland.
- Secretion of hGH is regulated by two other hormones secreted by hypothalamus.
- These hormones are
- somatotropin releasing hormone which stimulates the anterior lobe of pituitary gland to release soma totropin or growth hormone
- Somatostatin or growth inhibiting hormone which inhib its the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior lobe of pituitary gland.
- Deficiency of somatotropin in about 3 % cases is hereditary.
- It has been estimated to about I child in 5.000 hGH is very useful to the children born with hypopituitarism which is a form of dwarfism.
- It is caused by less secretion of hGH from the anterior lobe of pituitary gland.
- hGH is also helpful in " healing of injuries ".
- BGH This hormone has veterinary uses . For example, injecting a COW with bovine growth hormone ( BGH ) can increase milk production by as much as 25 %.
- BGH also improves beef yield in cattle (10-15 % increase in body mass)
- Biotechnology has proved to be a boon in solving crimes, legal disputes, etc.
- Establishing the identity of victims (e.g. , of murder , accidents , etc.), criminals (e.g. , in cases of rape , murder , etc.), father (in cases of paternity dispute) etc. is unable to solving the problems of crimes / cases.
- A biotechnological procedure, called DNA finger - printing or DNA profiling, is a highly sensitive, fool - proof , absolutely accurate and extremely versatile approach to this problem.
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