👉 NEET Biology Concept Material
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Transgenic Tobacco Plants
- Tobacco plants containing a gene from a bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis have been produced.
- This gene is an insecticidal protein which damages the inner lining of the stomach of the insect and kills it (insect).
- The tobacco plants having this gene produce their own insecticide.
- Weeds such as Striga decrease crop yields and quality by competing with crop plants for light, water and nutrients.
- Weeds are to be removed with the help of herbicide (weed killer).
- For example, Roundup Ready transgenic plant has been produced and commercialised.
- It is tolerant to the herbicide Roundup (Trade Name)
- Herbicide tolerance has been devel oped in Maize , Cotton Soya Bean , Tobacco , etc.
- Production of proteins encoded by transgenes in animals/crops, the protein recovered from milk, urine, blood (in animals), seeds etc. (in plants ) is called molecular farming.
- Plants are cheap and amazing chemical factories that need only water, minerals, sunlight and carbondioxide to produce thousands of sophisticated chemical molecules with different structures.
- Given the right genes, plants can serve as bioreactors to modified compounds like aminoacids, proteins, vitamins, pharmaceuticals, drugs, enzymes and so on.
- Transgenic animals have been exten sively used as models for biomedical research.
- An improvement in beneficial ani mals occurs through transgenesis.
- It has led to the following encouraging results
- increased milk production in cattle
- increased growth rate of useful animals
- large scale production of valuable proteins in milk, urine and blood of beneficial animals thus making use of transgenic animals as " bioreactors for molecular farming
- improvement of wool production through production of transgenic sheep.
Brassica napus - Production of Hirudin
- Hirudin is a protein that prevents blood clotting.
- Its gene was chemically synthesized and was transferred into Brassica napus where hirudin accumulates in seeds.
- The hirudin is extracted and purified and used as medicine.
- Transgenic plants can produce a variety of proteins used in diagnostics for detecting and curing human and animal diseases in large scale with low cost.
- The monoclonal antibodies, peptide hormones, cytokinins and blood plasma proteins are being produced in transgenic plants and their parts such as tobacco (in leaves), potato (in tubers), sugarcane (in stems) and maize (in seed endosperm)
- There are many viruses, fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases.
- Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically engineered resistance to these diseases.
- In 1990, the production of transgenic ornamental plants also gained momentum and transformation procedures became available for many omamental plants, e.g. , rose, tulip, lily, etc.
- Several of these cut flowers, many transgenics have novel aesthetic properties including new colours, longer life, etc.
- Some of these plants have commercial demand.
- Flower colour comes mainly from anthocyanins, a class of coloured flavonoids.
- GM crops contain and express one or more useful foreign genes or transgenes. The technique of GM crops has two advantages.
- Any gene from any organism or a synthetic gene can be incorporated.
- Change in genotype is precisely controlled
- This technology is superior to breeding programmes because in breeding only the already present genes are reshuffled and that changes would occur in all traits for which the parents are different.
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