Assisted Reproductive Technologies ( ART ) || NEET BIOLOGY

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REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Assisted Reproductive Technologies ( ART ) 

• These are the applications of Reproductive Technology to solve infertility problems Some important techniques are as follows . 
• Test Tube Baby 
• Artificial insemination technique ( AIT ) 
• Gamete intra Fallopian transfer ( GIFT ) 
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection ( ICSI ) 

Test Tube Baby 

• The fusion of ovum and sperm is done outside the body of woman, to form a zygote which is allowed to divide to form embryo.
• This embryo is then implanted in uterus where it develops into a foetus which in turn develops into a child.
• This is called test tube baby.
• In this method, ova from the wife / donor female and sperms from the husband / donor male are induced to form zygote in the laboratory.
• The zygote is allowed to divide forming 8 blastomeres.
• The zygote or early embryo is transferred into the Fallopian 8 blas tube (ZIFT - Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer ).
• If the embryo is with more than blastomeres it is transferred into the uterus ( IUT – Intra Uterine Transfer ) to complete its further development.
• Thus this is in vitro fertilization (IVF - fertilisation outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the body) followed by embryo transfer ( ET ).
• Embryo formed by in vivo fertilization (fusion of gametes within the female) can also be used for such transfer.
• Success Rate
• Implantation of embryo takes place in the uterus where it develops into a foetus which forms a child.
• The mother will give birth to a normal child on the completion of gestation.
• This is test tube baby.
• It is to be noted that the baby is not reared in the test tube.
• The success rate of this technique of producing test tube babies is less than 20 %. 
• First Test Tube Baby.
• The first test tube baby Louise Joy Brown, was born to Lesley and Gilbert Brown on July 25 , 1978, in Oldham, Lancashire, England with the help of Dr. Patrick Steptoe and Dr. Robert Edwards.
• Dr Robert Edwards got 2010 Nobel Prize for developing a technique for production of test tube baby.
• Later on test tube babies were also born in other countries.
• India's first test tube baby was born on August 6, 1986 at K.E.M Hospital, Mumbai.
• Her name is Kum Harsha.
• The credit for India's first test tube baby goes to Dr Indra Hinduja.
• Some persons claimed that India's ( Asia's ) first and world's only second test tube baby was born in Kolkata on 3 October 1978. Previously, her name was Durga ( now her name is Kanupriya Agarwal ).
• The man behind ths pioneering effort was Dr Subhas Mukherjee

Artificial Insemination ( AI ) 

• In artificial insemination ( AI ) technique, the sperms collected either from the husband or a healthy donor are artificially introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus ( IUI - Intra - uterine insemination ) of the female.
• It is done in infertility cases either due to inability of male partner to copulate the female or due to very low sperms count in the semen of the male partner.
• Just near the time of ovulation, about 0.3 ml of washed and concentrated semen having atleast 1 million sperms from husband is introduced artificially through a flexible polyethylene catheter into the vagina or into uterus called intra - uterine insemination or ( IUI ).
• Washing in culture media removes the proteins and prostaglandins from semen.
• Best results are obtained when the motile sperm count is more than 10 million.
• The fertilising capacity of spermatozoa ( sperms ) is for 24-48 hours.
• The procedure may be repeated 2-3 times over a period of 2 3 days.
• The result varies in different centres, ranging 20-40 per cent.
• IUI alongwith super ovulation gives higher.
• When husband sperms are defective, AID ( Artificial Insemination Donor ) method is used.
• In this method semen is taken from semen bank.

Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer ( GIFT ) 

• GIFT was first described by Asch and colleagues in 1984. 
• It is a more expensive and invasive procedure than IVF ( in vitro Fertili zation ) but its results are better than IVF.
• In this technique , both the sperm and unfertilised oocytes are transferred into the Fallopian tubes.
• Fertilization is then taking place in vivo inside the body of the female ). 
• For GIFT technique normal Fallopian tubes are required.
• The indications are the same as in IVF except the tubal factor.
• Best result is obtained in unexplained infertility but the result is poor in male factor abnormality.
• In this procedure the superovulation is done as in IVF.
• Two collected oocytes alongwith about 200,000–500,000 motile sperms for each Fallopian tube are placed in a plastic tube container.
• It is then transferred through laproscope and inserted 4 cm into the distal end of the Fallopian tube where the combination is injected.
• The overall success rate through this procedure is 27-30 per cent.

Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection ( ICSI ) 

• It was first described by Van Steirteghem and colleagues in 1992 in Belgium.
• The following conditions cause Severe oligospermia, obstruction of efferent duct system in male, presence of sperm antibodies, congenital absence of both vasa efferentia and vasa deferentia in male, failure of fertilization in IVF, hardened zona pellucida unexplained infertility, etc. 
• In this procedure first sperms are obtained through ejaculation.
• Sperms can be recovered by TESE ( Testicular sperm extraction ) or by MESA ( microsurgical epididymal sperm aspi ration ) techniques.
• In this technique one single spermatozoon or even a spermatid is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an oocyte by micropuncture of the zona pollucida.
• This procedure is done under a high quality inverted operating microscope.
• Micropipette is used to hold the oocyte while the spermatozoon is injected inside the cytoplasm of the oocyte ( ooplasm ) by an injecting pipette.
• ICSI is very effective as compared to other micromanipulation techniques like SUZI ( subzonal insemination ).
• ICSI is very effective to reduce the need of AID.
• The fertilization rate through ICSI is about 60-70 per cent.
• However , pregnancy rate through this procedure is 20-40 per cent . 

Zygote Intra - Fallopian Transfer ( ZIFT ) 

• In this technique zygote or early embryo ( with upto 8 blastomeres ) is transferred into the Fallopian tube.

Intra Uterine Transfer ( IUT )

• If the embryo is with more than 8 blastomeres, it is transferred from the laboratory to the uterus to complete its further development .
• All these methods require extremely high specialised persons and expensive instruments Therefore, there are only few such centres in the country and hence their benefits are obtained only by limited persons.
• Emotional, social and religious factors interfere in the adoption of these methods.
• In India there are so many orphaned and destitute (without food, clothes and other necessary things) children, 
• Adoption of these children is one of the best methods for couples looking for parenthood.
• Our laws also permit legal adoption.

Surrogate Mother

• A developing embryo is implanted in the uterus of another female.
• A woman who subtitutes or takes the palce of the real mother to nurse the embryo is called surrogate mother.
• Embryo transplants are more useful in animals than in humans.

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INDIA BIOLOGY NEET

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