Permanent Methods of Birth control, MTP & STDs | NEET BIOLOGY

STD-12      UNIT-6     CHA-4

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Permanent Methods of Birth control, MTP & STDs

Termination or Permanent Methods of Birth Control 

• Sterilisation (Surgical Methods )
• These methods prevent pregnancy.
• Surgical methods block gamete transport and hence prevent fertilization.
• Sterilisation procedure in the male is termed vasectomy and that of the female tubectomy ( tubal ligation ).

• In vasectomy a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small cut on the scrotum while in tubectomy a small part of the Fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small cut in the abdomen or through vagina.

• Both vasectomy and tubectomy are very effective but reversibility is very poor.
• It is essential to mention here that the selection of a suitable contraceptive method should be practiced in consultation with qualified doctors.
• One must remember that contraceptives are not regular requirements for keeping good reproductive health . Because they are against natural conception / pregnancy . 
• Inspite of that one has to use them to prevent pregnancy. Although contraceptives have a significant role in checking uncontrolled growth of population yet their possible ill effects like nausea (an inclination to vomit), abdominal pain , breakthrough bleeding . irregular menstrual bleeding or even breast cancer .

Medical Termination of Pregnancy ( MTP ) 

• Medical termination of pregnancy or abortion is the termination of pregnancy before the foetus becomes viable . 
• Government of India legalised MTP in 1971 . 
• MTP is comparatively safe upto 12 weeks ( the first trimester ) of pregnancy . 
• It becomes more risky after the first trimester period of pregnancy as the foetus becomes intimately associated with the maternal tissues . 
• About 45 to 50 million MTPs are done in a year all over the world which is 1 / 5th of the total number of pregnancies in a year . 
• Types 
• Spontaneous- Probably, one - third of all pregnancies abort spontaneously within four weeks of conception.
• In many cases the woman never knows that she has been pregnant , and the abortion passes unrecognised with the menses.
• Therapeutic- A pregnancy can be legally terminated in its early stages if doctors advise that its continuation would seriously affect the health of the mother.
• At present, termination is legally allowed up to 28th week of pregnancy if the family physician and the gynaecologist consider the need for abortion 

Why MTPs ? 

• The answer is to get rid of unwanted pregnancies due to 
• casual unprotected intercourse 
• do not use contraceptive during coitus ; and 
• MTPs are also necessary where pregnancy can be harmful or even fatal to the mother or to the foetus or both.

Significance 

• It helps in getting rid of unwanted pregnancies and such pregnancies which may be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus of both.
• MTP plays a significant role in decreasing the human population.

Drawbacks 

• It is being misused to abort even the normal female foetuses. 
• Majority of MTPs are performed illegally by unqualified quacks which may be fatal.
• It has raised many emotional , ethical , religious and social issues.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ( STDs ) 

• Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse with infected persons are collectively called sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ) or Venereal diseases ( VD ) or reproductive tract infections ( RTI ) . 
• Causing Agents ( Pathogens ) . 
• STDs are usually caused by 
• Bacteria 
• Viruses
• Chlamydiae 
• Protozoa 
• Nematodes 
• Ectoparasites and 
• Fungi 
• Mode of Transmission . 
• STDs are transmitted by 
• sexual intercourse with infected persons , 
• sharing of injection needles , surgical instruments , etc. , and 
• transfusion of blood from an infected mother to the foetus .
• Cure for STDs . 
• Except HIV infection , Hepatitis - B and genital herpes all other STDs are completely curable if detected early and treated properly . 
• Common Symptoms . 
• Early symptoms of most of these diseases are itching , fluid discharge , swelling , slight pain etc. 
• Consequences of Delayed Treatment . 
• If proper and timely treatment is not given STD may lead to complications such as pelvic inflammatory diseases ( PID ) , abortions , still birth . ectopic pregnancies , infertility or even cancer of reproductive tract.
• Prevention . 
• For prevention following simple principles should be followed 
• Avoid sex with unknown partner / multiple partners.
• One should always use condoms during intercourse . 
• If a person is in doubt he / she must consult a qualified doctor.
• If STD is detected one should get complete treatment.
• Confirmatory Tests for Sexually Transmitted Diseases . 
• Culture and microscopic observation with specific staining . 
• Detection of specific antigen / antibody using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ( ELISA ) like technique.
• DNA hybridisation.
• Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) 

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Manish Mevada

M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed

INDIA BIOLOGY NEET

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