FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTION, HORMONAL CONTROL & DISORDERS

STD-12      UNIT-6     CHA-3

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  FUNCTION, HORMONAL CONTROL & DISORDERS  

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  FUNCTION

• Germinal epithelial cells of the ovary produce ova ( oogenesis ) . 
• Fertilization takes place in the Fallopian tube ( oviduct ) .
• After puberty the uterus goes through the menstrual cycle .
• Implantation and prenatal growth take place in the uterus . 
• The vagina receives the seminal fluid during copulation . 
• Parturition ( process of birth of child ) is also important function of the female reproductive system . 
• Mammary glands of the female secrete milk after parturition .

HORMONAL CONTROL

• The growth , maintenance and functions of the female reproductive organs are under the hormonal control as described below .
• GnRH is secreted by the hypothalamus which stimulates the anterior lobe of pituitary gland to secrete luteinising hormone ( LH ) and FSH .
• FSH stimulates the growth of the ova rian follicles and also increases the develop ment of egg / oocyte within the follicle to com plete the meiosis I to form secondary oocyte . 
• FSH also stimulates the formation of oestrogens . 
• LH stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone .
• Rising level of proges terone inhibits the release of GnRH , which , in tum , inhibits the production of FSH , LH and progesterone .

• Onset of Puberty in the Human Females 
• Females attain puberty at about the age thirteen years . 
• At this time , the pituitary gland begins producing follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) . 
• The FSH induces the development of ovaries , which in turn produce the hormone estrogen . 
• This hormone is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characters , including a change in voice and the development of external genitalia , breasts , body hair , pubic hair , and the feminine shape . 
• This shape means a widening of the pelvis and deposits of fat in thighs , buttocks and face . 

• Sexual Arousal . 
• When inactive sexual behaviour changes to active sexual behaviour , it is called sexual arousal . 
• In sexually aroused female , the increased blood supply to clitoris . labia minora and vagina makes these organs swollen due to their erectile tissue . 
• Bartholin's glands secrete mucus for lubricating the vestibule to facilitate intercourse . 
• Orgasm is due to rhythmic spasms of the muscles surrounding the vagina .

DISORDERS

• Breast Cancer . Breast cancer is rarely seen before the age of thirty . The standard treatment for breast cancer is mastectomy ( removal of breast ) .
• Cervical Cancer . Cervical cancer may be treated by radiation or surgery .
• Oophorocystosis ( Ovarian Cysts ) . Ovarian cysts are fluid filled tumours of the ovary . Such cysts sometimes rupture and regress ( get smaller ) during pregnancy . In old women they are surgically removed .
• Ectopic Pregnancy . It is implantation of embryo at a place other than uterus , generally in the ni Juct . 
• Oophoritis . It is inflammation of ovary , usually caused by an infection .
• Endometriosis . It is the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus . Symptoms include premenstrual pain or unusual menstrual pain . Treatment is usually hormone therapy or surgery .Endometriosis disappears at menopause or when the ovaries are removed.
• Menstrual disorders . These include the following ( i ) Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation ( ii ) Menorrhagia is excessive menstruation ( iii ) Dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation . 
• Infertility . Infertility in women is the inability to become pregnant . It may be due to failure to ovulate or to some anatomical factor that prevents the union of egg ( ovum ) and sperm .

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